feminist theories in Psychoanalytic feminism
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Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, or philosophical, ground. It encompasses work done in a broad variety of disciplines, prominently including the approaches to women's roles and lives and feminist politics in anthropology and sociology, economics, women's and gender studies, feminist literary criticism, and philosophy (especially Continental philosophy.)
Feminist theory aims to understand the nature of inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and sexuality. While generally providing a critique of social relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of women's rights, interests, and issues. Themes explored in feminism include discrimination, stereotyping, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression, and patriarchy.
Psychoanalytic feminism
Psychoanalytic feminism is based on Freud and his psychoanalytic theories. It maintains that gender is not biological but is based on the psycho-sexual development of the individual. Psychoanalytical feminists believe that gender inequality comes from early childhood experiences, which lead men to believe themselves to be masculine, and women to believe themselves feminine. It is further maintained that gender leads to a social system that is dominated by males, which in turn influences the individual psycho-sexual development. As a solution it was suggested to avoid the gender-specific structurization of the society by male-female coeducation. This section is a stub. You can help by adding to it.
A radical feminist would argue that the only way to rid womankind from male domination is to segregate men and women into two different communities. Contrary to socialist feminists, radicals believe that simply abolishing the current hegemonic state will not rid 'the fairer sex' from oppresion; it is only with the partition of men from women that true equality can exist between the sexes. Critics may point out that seperating men from women would surely prevent the human race from producing children, and as such, would result in the end of human existence. However, a radical would suggest that with the advances made in biological science over recent decades, an all-female population would be able to sustain its numbers through insemination methods such as IVF. Any male offspring produced would simply be transported to the male community and raised there.
This utopian vision is often looked negatively upon by others for being unrealistic in its expectations. Of all the factions that exist within the feminst ideology, Radical feminism remains the smallest and least influential.
Liberal feminism
Marxist feminism
Social aspects in the marxist ideal of the oppressed people who will rise.
Criticisms
Modern feminist theory has been extensively criticized as being predominantly, but not exclusively, associated with western middle class academia. Not only that, but feminism has been criticized as being far too gender-centric, and ignores many of the other, far more important problems of Racism and social inequality. In fact, many social reformers from within the American Liberal Tradition see feminism as counterproductive and a distraction in the pursuit of wider social justice. It should be noted that many see feminism, primarily due to its western middle-class roots, as just another form of oppression. The fact that feminism has no mainstream male equivalent seems to highlight the biased nature of the movement. Other thinkers have criticized the labeling of Feminism as an Ideology; on the grounds that it varies wildly depending on the ideology it is associated with. Hence feminism can be seen as one aspect of other ideologies, as the above breakdown shows, rather than an ideology in its own right.
Feminist theory aims to understand the nature of inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and sexuality. While generally providing a critique of social relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of women's rights, interests, and issues. Themes explored in feminism include discrimination, stereotyping, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression, and patriarchy.
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Psychoanalytic feminism
Radical feminism
This utopian vision is often looked negatively upon by others for being unrealistic in its expectations. Of all the factions that exist within the feminst ideology, Radical feminism remains the smallest and least influential.
Liberal feminism
Socialist feminism
There exists a common ground between socialist and radical feminists in so far as both factions believe that only with the abolition of the current hegemonic state, can true equality exist between men and women. Unlike radicals however, Socialist feminists do believe that men can coexist with women in this post-capitalist vision of the future. This is because socialists suspect the capitalist system to be the root cause of female oppression, rather than males themselves. A belief amongst socialists of any kind is that a population can be nutured into a state of equality, and as such, would have no need to separate men from women. With the abolition of the class structure, a socialist may argue, comes the erosion of male domination within society.Marxist feminism
Social aspects in the marxist ideal of the oppressed people who will rise. Criticisms
Modern feminist theory has been extensively criticized as being predominantly, but not exclusively, associated with western middle class academia. Not only that, but feminism has been criticized as being far too gender-centric, and ignores many of the other, far more important problems of Racism and social inequality. In fact, many social reformers from within the American Liberal Tradition see feminism as counterproductive and a distraction in the pursuit of wider social justice. It should be noted that many see feminism, primarily due to its western middle-class roots, as just another form of oppression. The fact that feminism has no mainstream male equivalent seems to highlight the biased nature of the movement. Other thinkers have criticized the labeling of Feminism as an Ideology; on the grounds that it varies wildly depending on the ideology it is associated with. Hence feminism can be seen as one aspect of other ideologies, as the above breakdown shows, rather than an ideology in its own right.| Biological Theory: An Introduction We start with biological theory for two reasons. First, the theory that our genetic makeup determines, at least in part, our personality has been a strong belief among theorists for thousands of years. Secondly, one of the first questions Personality students often ask is what percentage biology plays in our development as a person. In its simplest form, biological components strongly determine our physical characteristics such as eye color, height, hair color, body type, and general looks. Even if biology plays no direct role in our personality, the way we look certainly affects how we see ourselves and how others interact with us. This indirect affect does, at minimum, play a role in how we develop and who we are as adults. Research, mainly utilizing co relational studies has determined that other aspects may be directly linked to our genetic make-up. The idea of inherited Intelligence has now been shown to be only partially correct. While biology plays a role, the significance of environment can not be ignored. A recent phenomenon is the belief that many mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety, are linked to our inherited genes. While these theories have yet to be proven one way or the other, they certainly influence how we approach mental illness treatment and recovery. Other aspects of human development, such as temperament and extroversion and introversion have also been shown to have strong biological links. One theorist, Hans Eysenck, believed that much of our personality was determined by biology, and although controversial at times, he continues to be one of the most discussed biological theorist in terms of personality development. Social learning theory. Social learning theory or SLT is the theory that people learn new behavior through observational learning of the social factors in their environment. If people observe positive, desired outcomes in the observed behavior, then they are more likely to model, imitate, and adopt the behavior themselves. Modern theory is closely associated with Julian Rotter and Albert Bandura.
[ TheorySocial learning theory is derived from the work of Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) which proposed that social learning occurred through four main stages of imitation:
Julian Rotter moved away from theories based on psychosis and behaviourism, and developed a learning theory. In Social Learning and Clinical Psychology (1945), Ratter suggests that the effect of behaviors has an impact on the motivation of people to engage in that specific behavior. People wish to avoid negative consequences, while desiring positive results or effects. If one expects a positive outcome from a behaviour, or thinks there is a high probability of a positive outcome, then they will be more likely to engage in that behaviour. The behaviour is reinforced, with positive outcomes, leading a person to repeat the behaviour. This social learning theory suggests that behaviour is influenced by these environmental factors or stimulus, and not psychological factors alone.[1] Albert Bandura (1977)[2] expanded on Rotter's idea, as well as earlier work by Miller & Dollard (1941),[3] and is related to social learning theories of Vygotsky and Lave. This theory incorporates aspects of behavioural and cognitive learning. Behavioural learning assumes that people's environment (surroundings) cause people to behave in certain ways. Cognitive learning presumes that psychological factors are important for influencing how one behaves. Social learning suggests a combination of environmental (social) and psychological factors influence behaviour. Social learning theory outlines three requirements for people to learn and model behaviour include attention: retention (remembering what one observed), reproduction (ability to reproduce the behaviour), and motivation (good reason) to want to adopt the behaviour. Social psychology (sociology)This page deals with the subfield of sociology. For the subfield of psychology by the same name, see Social psychology (psychology).
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